The current decade marks India’s first sustained push towards foundational learning, following the launch of the NIPUN Bharat Mission in 2020 under the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020. The mission aims to ensure that every child attains Foundational Literacy and Numeracy (FLN) by Grade 3 by 2026–27. However, five years on, findings from the Teaching Learning Practices Survey (TLPS) 2025 …

